Changes in the world energy context, the increasing awareness of the environmental stakes and the development of research on the production of second and third generation biofuels revealed a clear need to write a new book which updates and complements all technical, financial and environmental aspects of Les Biocarburants - État des lieux, perspectives et enjeux du développement (Biofuels - Current status, outlook and development stakes) published in 2006. This book provides a detailed state of the art of the first generation biofuel production technologies. It describes the new "second generation" pathways which use lignocellulosic biomass as raw material and are starting to find industrial applications, thereby reducing the competition between the food resource and the use of agricultural materials for energy purposes. It also provides a technical update on the algaeto-energy pathway (third generation) and the production of methane and hydrogen by biochemical pathways. The book arrives at exactly the right time to renew the interest in biofuels, including for air transport, and provide an insight on the technological research and development axes currently being investigated. It is intended for transport companies, refiners, forestry companies, the agricultural and agribusiness sectors as well as the public authorities, students, university teachers and researchers.
Hydrogen, energy vector for the future? Or, on the contrary, limited to its current applications in the field of chemistry and refining for decades to come, possibly even until the end of the century? There is much controversy over this issue and two sides to the argument. Advocates of the hydrogen civilisation consider that, following a technological revolution hydrogen will play a universal role alongside electricity as a substitute for fossil fuels, especially (but not only) in transport, leading to radical elimination of CO2 emissions. For the sceptics, and even outspoken opponents, hydrogen will remain restricted to its current applications due to the insoluble problems inherent to its generalised use, especially in transport.
This book highlights the increasing and inevitable role of "energy" hydrogen - as opposed to chemical hydrogen - in the key sectors of transport and "clean" electricity production. The first section is dedicated to current applications of energy hydrogen or those within reach in the not too distant future. The second section reviews the hydrogen production, distribution and storage technologies that are either commercially available or almost mature. The last section addresses the central issue of safety if hydrogen is to be used by the general public, before concluding on the short and medium term development perspectives of energy hydrogen.
This extensively documented book is intended for a wide audience including transport companies (road, air and waterway) and engine engineers as well as all those interested in the future of transport and fuels in the post-oil world.
Over the last two decades, earth modeling has become a major investigative tool for evaluating the potential of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Earth modelling must now face new challenges since petroleum exploration no longer consists in only investigating newly identified resources, but also in re-evaluating the potential of previously investigated reservoirs in the light of new prospecting data and of revised interpretations.
Earth models incorporate a variety of different interpretations made on various types of data at successive steps of the modeling process. However, current modeling procedures provide no way to link a range of data and interpretations with a final earth model. For this reason, sharing and exchanging information about the model building process is at present a major difficulty.
Recently, the term "Shared Earth Modeling" has been used for expressing the idea that earth models should be built in such a way that experts and end users can have access, at any time, to all the information incorporated into the model. This information does not only concern the data, but also the knowledge that geoscientists produce by interpreting these data. Accordingly, practical solutions must be studied for operating a knowledge-driven approach of Shared Earth Modeling. This is the goal of this book.
This study of earth subsurface modeling is intended for several categories of readers. It concerns in the first place geologists, engineers and managers involved in the study and evaluation of subsurface reservoirs and hydrocarbon exploration. Relying on recent progress in various fields of computer sciences, the authors present innovative solutions for solving the critical issue of knowledge exchange at key steps of the modeling process. This book will also be of interest to researchers in computer science and, more generally, to engineers, researchers and students who wish to apply advanced knowledge-based techniques to complex engineering problems.
The steps that lead to the production of oil and gas are diverse, complex and costly. They are diverse, because the detection of oil and gas involves input from many specialties, ranging from geology to reservoir engineering. They are complex, as shown by the development of the job of the petroleum architect, who coordinates all the operations. They are costly, as the investments for exploration and production represent more than half of all investments in the oil and gas sector. Moreover, exploration is a risky activity, both from the technical and financial viewpoint : only one well in five produces marketable oil. Meanwhile, the areas for exploration and production are spread throughout the world. This book provides a complete overview of the stakes and challenges invoived in oil and gas exploration and production. Following a historical review and a survey of the markets, the technical phases are covered, as are the evaluation of reserves, the estimation of investments and costs, the decision-making and control processes, and the accounting, legal and contractual environment for these activities. The book concludes with a discussion of the rote of safety, and of environmental and ethical issues. This work, which is designed for readers concerned with the various aspects of the oil and gas upstream sector, is accessible to all.
The seventh edition of the Drilling Data Handbook was published in 1999.
We are in a new communication techniques have considerably evolved. The electronic hardware and soft communication anywhere in the world, access to huge databases, as well as permanent documents required by the drilling personnel. At the moment of making a decision about Drilling Data Handbook, the question was: is it pertinent to do an electronic version on accessible one with a connection to different sites, or to keep the popular concept of the people have been using it for decades? The Internet gives access to an infinite volume everybody has experimented the trouble of being lost in the way, or the difficulty to read information.
The Drilling Data Handbook does not want to compete with the web sites on other sources of electronic documentation. The main goal of our contribution to the drill access very quickly and without any additional resources to the fundamental data at the floor. That is the reason why we made the decision to present you this reviewed and up the formula you are familiar with, and we hope that it will continue to help you when play well.
Heavy oils, extra-heavy oils and tar Bands are major players for the future of energy. They represent a massive world resource, at least the size of conventional oils. They are found all over the world but Canada and Venezuela together account, by themselves, for more than half of world deposits. They share the same origin as the lighter conventional oils, but their geological fate drove them into thick, viscous tar-like crude oils. Most of them result from alteration processes mediated by microbial degradation. They are characterized by a low content of lighter cuts and a high content of impurities such as sulfur and nitrogen compounds and metals ; so, their production is difficult and deployment of specific processes is required in order to enhance their transportability and to upgrade them into valuable products meeting market needs, and honouring environmental requirements. Although these resources are increasingly becoming commercially producible, less than 1% of total heavy crude oil deposits worldwide are under active development. The voluntarily wide scope of this volume encompasses geology, production, transportation, upgrading, economics and environmental issues of heavy oils. It does not pretend to be exhaustive, but to provide an authoritative view of this very important energy resource. Besides presenting the current status of knowledge and technology involved in exploiting heavy oils, the purpose is to provide an insight into technical, economic and environmental challenges that should be taken up in order to increase the efficiency of production and processing, and finally to give a prospective view of the emerging technologies which will contribute to releasing the immense potential reserves of heavy oil and tar deposits. This book will consequently be of interest to both specialists and non-specialists who are looking for a general overview on the question of heavy crude oils.
Understanding the origin and fate of hydrocarbons in the subsurface has been the major endeavor of organic geochemists during the second half of the XXth century. They succeeded to the point where the deciphered interplaying set of elements and processes paved the way to the revolutionary concept of petroleum system, a unifying paradigm which plays an important role in decision making associated with oil and gas exploration.
The chemistry and physics involved have been addressed in a quantitative way and integrated to the other aspects of petroleum geology, giving rise to the development of numerical basin modeling. These simulators are now an essential tool in the workflows used by the petroleum industry for prospective appraisal of sedimentary basins. As discussed in this book, the concept of petroleum system is sufficiently robust to encompass the geological rationale underlying the occurrence of hydrocarbons in unconventional settings, a booming domain in the scene of energy.
This book has been designed in order to offer an overview on different aspects of the geochemistry of fossil fuels, in particular on the functioning of a petroleum system. In this respect, it can be viewed as a foundation for approaching basin modeling. It also introduces the role of geochemistry in reservoir characterization, production and flow insurance.
It does not intent to interfere with any existing text books or highly specialized publications, but rather to provide, in a concise form, a general educated summary of a topic which over the years has been extensively developed by industrial and academic international research teams with a key contribution of IFP Energies nouvelles.
This book will be of interest to a large audience including both specialists of the field and non-specialist professionals, as well as undergraduate and graduate students.
The main application of Transition Metal Sulphides (TMS) as solid catalysts is for production of clean fuels in petroleum refineries. The various feedstocks to be processed all contain more or less sulphur, included in highly stable heteroaromatic molecules. In order to meet the stringent specifications imposed worldwide nowadays on transportation fuels to reduce their environmental impact, catalytic hydroprocessing remains essential. In this process, sulphur is removed as H2S following the reaction between molecular hydrogen and the heteroaromatics. The reaction conditions and reaction medium composition are such that only TMS provide stable catalysts, generally supported on alumina. Both for their fundamental and applied interest, these fascinating systems are still the subject of a very significant research effort, while major advances have been made over the past 30 years, involving innovative preparation routes, sophisticated surface science experiments for characterisation, detailed kinetic and mechanistic studies, and state of the art DFT simulations giving unprecedented insight into the local structure as well as elementary steps at microscopic level.
This book aims at providing a complete, comprehensive and updated survey of the field, useful for anyone involved: the student starting a research project, the academic researcher or the refinery engineer willing to deepen their knowledge on the catalytic as well as on the process aspects. It is therefore organised into three parts: I - Fundamental Aspects, II - Progress in the Preparation and Characterisation, and III - Applications to the Production of Clean Fuels. 37 specialists from IFP Energies nouvelles, CNRS, or French universities have contributed, reporting a unique synthesis of the last 15 years of research. The preface written by Michèle Breysse, a well known leading scientist who devoted most of her fruitful career to this topic, puts this collective work into a meaningful historical perspective.
The present book completes the first volume on the "Essentials of Reservoir Engineering".
Contents of volumes 1 and 2 give a general view of the essential material knowledge for students and professionals. Opportunity for deeper investigation is available from the extensive complementary references featured.
The Digital Oilfield is the buzzword of the oil industry in these early years of the 21st century. Data swiftly flows to databases, moves around the world at the speed of light and can be exchanged seamlessly between all stakeholders. From time to time, for good housekeeping, data is cleansed. Many people are involved in these intermediate or final steps. But, who cares about the real sources of oilfield data, seismic profiles, wirelines and LWD logs, drilling data and core measurements? This book expresses the real concerns about input data. It explains the inherent weaknesses of the oilfield data acquisition processes and gives recommendations on how to improve them. This quest goes through the paths of uncertainty management and elucidates the important role of the field engineers. Contents: 1. Introduction. Part 1. Why measurements differ from reality. 2. Setting the problem with simple examples. 3. All well measurements are indirect. 4. Logging measurements do not focus on zones of interest. 5. Measurements are imprecise and inaccurate. 6. How measurements can suffer from human bias. 7. Complexity. 8. Complication. 9. WYSINWYTII. 10. Misconceptions. Part 2: Quest for quality data. 11. The different uses of logging data. 12. Brochure Specifications. 13. Quest for uncertainties: From brochure specifications to real uncertainties. 14. Deliverables. 15. Depth. 16. Hidden Treasures. 17. Contribution of the field engineer to the quality of data. 18. Drilling data. 19. Coring data. 20. Conclusions and recommendations.
Le processus de l'ingénierie des installations pétrolières, et plus généralement de tout type d'installations industrielle, est complexe.
Y interviennent en effet de nombreuses disciplines techniques, du procédé au génie civil, en passant par les équipements, l'implantation, la sécurité industrielle, l'instrumentation, l'électricité... De nombreuses interfaces existent entre ces disciplines et avec les fournisseurs, résultant en de multiples flux d'information dont il n'est pas facile de faire une synthèse.
Il n'existait pas d'ouvrage décrivant de façon synthétique l'ensemble du processus, les ouvrages existant ne couvrant habituellement qu'une seule discipline technique.
Corrosion of metallic equipment has a major impact on the operating costs of industrial facilities, the reliability and lifetime of equipments, human safety and the environment. This book provides an update of the knowledge on the understanding and prevention of the main phenomena causing corrosion and degradation of metallic materials in petroleum and process industries. The first section provides an in-depth description of the actions of the main corrosive environments. Eighteen chemical environments and the associated corrosion phenomena are presented in detail. Where are they found? Which materials are concerned? Which are the more important parameters that affect this type of corrosion? What are the possible solutions? Examples are systematically given to illustrate the phenomenon described. The second section describes the various techniques used in the petroleum industry to protect metallic materials, to detect and to monitor corrosion, in a manner readily accessible to non-specialist readers. The third section lists the basic principles required to understand the structure and the behaviour of the main metallic materials as well as the various corrosion modes and other possible sources of damages. The chapters in this section will provide the non-specialist reader with basic information on metallurgy and corrosion. This book is intended for engineers and technicians who need a reference book, as well as materials science and process engineering students or simply readers wanting to understand the mechanisms involved in the corrosion of metallic materials, its prevention and treatment.
This book gives the reader an overview of how Oil & Gas Facilities are engineered. It covers their entire design cycle, from the high level functional duty to the detailed design.
Each engineering task is described and illustrated with a sample document taken from a real project.
Unlike engineering manuals which generally cover a specific discipline, such as process or civil engineering only, this work covers them all. Baron has done the hard work of distilling the essence of these disciplines and presenting them in a concise and precise fashion.
Containing more than 250 illustrations, the book gives the reader a comprehensive information to easily refer to at any point in the project's life cycle.
Contemporary engineering work for large projects is usually carried out at multiple locations. This does not make it easy for the new comer to gain an end-to-end knowledge. This work will fast track this acquisition. It will also meet the needs of anyone wishing to understand the technical factors driving the execution of a project.
For over fourty years, choosing a statistical model thanks to data consisted in optimizing a criterion based on penalized likelihood (H. Akaike, 1973) or penalized least squares (C. Mallows, 1973). These methods are valid for predictive model choice (regression, classification) and for descriptive models (clustering, mixtures). Most of their properties are asymptotic, but a non asymptotic theory has emerged at the end of the last century (Birgé-Massart, 1997). Instead of choosing the best model among several candidates, model aggregation combines different models, often linearly, allowing better predictions. Bayesian statistics provide a useful framework for model choice and model aggregation with Bayesian Model Averaging.
In a purely predictive context and with very few assumptions, ensemble methods or meta-algorithms, such as boosting and random forests, have proven their efficiency.
This volume originates from the collaboration of high-level specialists: Christophe Biernacki (Université de Lille I), Jean-Michel Marin (Université de Montpellier), Pascal Massart (Université de Paris-Sud), Cathy Maugis-Rabusseau (INSA de Toulouse), Mathilde Mougeot (Université Paris Diderot), and Nicolas Vayatis (École Normale Supérieure de Cachan) who were all speakers at the 16th biennal workshop on advanced statistics organized by the French Statistical Society. In this book, the reader will find a synthesis of the methodologies' foundations and of recent work and applications in various fields.
The French Statistical Society (SFdS) is a non-profit organization that promotes the development of statistics, as well as a professional body for all kinds of statisticians working in public and private sectors. Founded in 1997, SFdS is the heir of the Société de Statistique de Paris, established in 1860. SFdS is a corporate member of the International Statistical Institute and a founding member of FENStatS-the Federation of European National Statistical Societies.
After 20 years at different positions in the gas sector, from the policy side to trading floors, the author gives an overview of the major gas issues and elaborate on the consequences of the US shale gas revolution.
The first part of the book provides basic knowledge and gives needed tools to better understand this industry, that often stands, in sandwich, between upstream oil and utilities. After extensive research, publication and teaching, the author shares his insights on fundamental issues all along the gas chain and explains the price mechanisms ranging from oil-indexation to spot.
The second part looks into the future of worldwide gas balance. To supply growing markets, the major resource holder, Russia, is now in direct competition with the major gas producer, the US. China has the potential not only to select the winner but also to decide the pricing principle for all Asian buyers in 2020. As China is a new and growing gas importer and has a lower price tolerance than historical Asian buyers (Japan and South Korea), it is highly possible that, against basic geography, China selects waterborne US LNG vs. close Russian pipe gas, to achieve lower import price. Europe, so risk adverse that it won't be able to take any decision regarding shale gas production on this side of 2020, should see its power fading on the energy scene and would rely more on Russia. Gas geopolitics could tighten Russia stronghold on Europe, on one side, and create a flourishing North America-Asian trade...
This book is accessible to all and will particularly interest readers seeking a global gas perspective where economics and geopolitics mix. It can be read as an economic novel where billions of $ are invested to shape tomorrow energy world or as a geopolitical thriller where Russia and the US compete to impose their respective agenda, leaving China to select the winner...
This book, written by 33 stratigraphic experts, presents various
processes available which will enable the location in time of all
rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic, plutonic, and eruptive,
whether they are in outcrop or at subsurface. The terminology
and the appropriate practices for each method are presented
in separate chapters and illustrated with concrete examples.
The order of the chapters is modeled on the progression of the
stratigraphic process, from the descriptive to the interpretative, from
the methods of the geometric stratigraphy (lithostratigraphy and
genetic stratigraphy, chemostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy)
to the chronological stratigraphy (biostratigraphy), followed by
the chronometric stratigraphy (isotopic geochronology). The
fi nal two chapters are dedicated to chronostratigraphic units and
correlations which combine the contributions of various methods
and to the presentation of the 2007 version of the Geological
Time Scale. The defi nitions of stratigraphic terms can be found in
a glossary at the end of the work.
Designing an efficient drilling program is a key step for the development of an oil and/or gas field.
Variations in reservoir pressure, saturation and temperature, induced by reservoir production or CO2 injection, involve various coupled physical and chemical processes. Geomechanics, which consider all thermohydromechanical phenomena involved in rock behavior, play an important role in every operation involved in the exploitation of hydrocarbons, from drilling to production, and in CO2 geological storage operations as well.
Pressure changes in the reservoir modify the in situ stresses and induce strains, not only within the reservoir itself, but also in the entire sedimentary column. In turn, these stress variations and associated strains modify the fluids flow in the reservoir and change the wellbore stability parameters. This book offers a large overview on applications of Geomechanics to petroleum industry. It presents the fundamentals of rock mechanics, describes the methods used to characterise rocks in the laboratory and the modelling of their mechanical behaviour ; it gives elements of numerical geomechanical modelling at the site scale.
It also demonstrates the role of Geomechanics in the optimisation of drilling and production : it encompasses drillability, wellbore stability, sand production and hydraulic fracturing ; it provides the basic attainments to deal with the environmental aspects of heave or subsidence of the surface layers, CO2 sequestration and well abandonment ; and it shows how seismic monitoring and geomechanical modelling of reservoirs can help to optimise production or check cap rock integrity.
This book will be of interest to all engineers involved in oil field development and petroleum engineering students, whether drillers or producers. It aims also at providing a large range of potential users with a simple approach of a broad field of knowledge.
Molecular simulation is an emerging technology for determining
the properties of many systems that are of interest to the oil and
gas industry, and more generally to the chemical industry. Based on
a universally accepted theoretical background, molecular simulation
accounts for the precise structure of molecules in evaluating their
interactions.
Taking advantage of the availability of powerful computers at moderate
cost, molecular simulation is now providing reliable predictions
in many cases where classical methods (such as equations of state
or group contribution methods) have limited prediction capabilities.
This is particularly useful for designing processes involving toxic
components, extreme pressure conditions, or adsorption selectivity
in microporous adsorbents. Molecular simulation moreover provides
a detailed understanding of system behaviour.
As illustrated by their award from the American Institute of Chemical
Engineers for the best overall performance at the Fluid Simulation
Challenge 2004, the authors are recognized experts in Monte Carlo
simulation techniques, which they use to address equilibrium properties.
This book presents these techniques in sufficient detail for readers
to understand how simulation works, and describes many applications
for industrially relevant problems. The book is primarily dedicated to
chemical engineers who are not yet conversant with molecular simulation
techniques. In addition, specialists in molecular simulation will be
interested in the large scope of applications presented (including fluid
properties, fluid phase equilibria, adsorption in zeolites, etc.).
The Progressing Cavity Pump (PCP's), invented by René Moineau, is a great innovation for the whole industry, particularly in petroleum production.
Since 1980, Progressing Cavity Pumps have been widely used in the production of heavy oil well containing sand and gas.
The aim of this new edition is to provide clear related and condensed information about the principles of the Progressing Cavity Pump, including the use of recent material technologies to manufacture pump stators with advanced elastomers and now with metals. The same applies to the drive rods and driving head, particularly with permanent magnet motors and advanced control and well monitoring with downhole and surface sensors to control and monitor the pumping system. Data transmission and processing are improving well management and safety. Software is used to select the best pump for the well candidate. All these new technologies are worldwide applied and accepted by the market. They mean that the well production can be increased and the PCP's operating life can be extended with reduced operating costs.
This book is intended to provide the criteria for selecting a Progressing Cavity Pump and the operational conditions for its implementation by technicians and field development managers.
The first edition of the Drilling Data Handbook was printed in 1950. In more than six decades, the book has been improved, adding lots of new technologies and equipment in its eight additional editions. But its principle is to remain familiar and friendly to users. Its philosophy has always been to give quick access to the basic information or calculations for the office or field operations. That is why we consider that our task is to select and highlight the most important data, charts, and formulas. The Drilling Data Handbook tries to combine international and field units for the benefit of a majority of people from different technical cultures. Past editions' success strengthened the authors in persevering and publishing a new paper edition. A large number of field personnel have confirmed the Drilling Data Handbook as their reference, now in combination with electronic documents and the Internet. This edition refreshes and updates data and references of the eighth edition, but also includes more information.
